Urban infill is creating greater density in cities across North America. The trend towards mixed-use development places residents and commercial businesses in close proximity and raises new issues for policymakers, managers, businesses and residents. Impacts include noise, trash, litter, public urination, traffic and vandalism.

Smoking bans can also set into motion a string of conflicts. More outdoor seating to accommodate smokers extends impacts from inside to outside the venue. Food attracts vermin. Noise and smoke cross the line from commercial to residential.  Transferring smokers to outdoors necessitates planning for cigarette litter disposal as well as congestion in alleys and on sidewalks.